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Bifurcation Stenting

Abstract

Recommended Article

Treating Bifurcation Lesions: The Result Overcomes the Technique 3-Year Outcomes After 2-Stent With Provisional Stenting for Complex Bifurcation Lesions Defined by DEFINITION Criteria The European bifurcation club Left Main Coronary Stent study: a randomized comparison of stepwise provisional vs. systematic dual stenting strategies (EBC MAIN) A Randomized Trial Evaluating Online 3-Dimensional Optical Frequency Domain Imaging-Guided Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Bifurcation Lesions Impact of stent deformity induced by the kissing balloon technique for bifurcating lesions on in-stent restenosis after coronary intervention Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis Comparing Bifurcation Techniques for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Selection of stenting approach for coronary bifurcation lesions Validation of bifurcation DEFINITION criteria and comparison of stenting strategies in true left main bifurcation lesions

JOURNAL:American College of Cardiology Article Link

心脏成像电离辐射专家共识

Troy M LaBounty, M.D., FACC

  1. 1.    Typical effective radiation doses are provided for coronary computed tomography angiography, calcium score, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), PET, diagnostic fluoroscopy, and interventional fluoroscopy studies. Many of these have wide ranges of typical effective doses (e.g., SPECT can range from 2.3 to 23 mSv).
  2. 2.    Population exposure to medical radiation has grown rapidly and was reported as 3.2 mSv/year when last estimated in 2006. This exceeds the natural background radiation that averages 3.0 mSv/year in the United States.
  3. 3.   Physicians performing interventional cardiovascular procedures can be exposed to significant radiation, which can exceed 100 uSv for a single procedure. An active interventional cardiologist can be expected to receive as much as 10 mSv/year of radiation in addition to background radiation.
  4. 4.    Doses over 100 mSv are associated with increased cancer risk in adults, with smaller doses associated with risk in children. Some patients and some physicians may be exposed to lifetime exposures that exceed this threshold.
  5. 5.    Effective radiation dose is estimated by measuring the radiation dose to specific tissues and organs, and adjusting this using a weighting factor that incorporates the sensitivity of each tissue and organ to cancer risk.
  6. 6.    Radiation risks can include tissue reactions due to cell injury (e.g., skin injuries), cancer, and mutations to germ cells that may be transmitted to offspring.
  7. 7.    The most accepted model of cancer risk suggests a linear relationship between dose and cancer risk, with no dose threshold under which there is no risk.
  8. 8.   Increased cancer risk is associated with higher doses, exposure of radiation-sensitive organs, female gender, and younger age. The predicted lifetime risk of cancer from exposure to 100 mSv of radiation is estimated at 2% for males and 4% for females under 15 years of age, and this risk decreases with greater age.
  9. 9.    Recommended radiation limits for workers exposed to occupational radiation are 20 mSv/year averaged over 5 years.
  10. 10.    The ALARA concept is that radiation dose should always be “as low as reasonably achievable.