ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND - Recent experimental evidence suggests that nutritional supplementation can blunt adverse cardiopulmonary effects induced by acute air pollution exposure. However, whether usual individual dietary patterns can modify the association between long-term air pollution exposure and health outcomes have not been previously investigated. We assessed, in a large cohort with detailed diet information at the individual level, whether a Mediterranean diet modifies the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cardiovascular disease mortality risk.

METHODS - The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, a prospective cohort (N=548,845) across 6 states and 2 cities in the United States and with a follow-up period of 17 years (1995-2011), was linked to estimates of annual average exposures to PM_2.5 and NO₂ air pollution at the residential census-tract level. The alternative Mediterranean Diet Index (aMED), which uses a 9-point scale to assess conformity with a Mediterranean-style diet, was constructed for each participant from information in cohort baseline dietary questionnaires. We evaluated mortality risks for cardiovascular disease (CVD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (CER), or cardiac arrest (CAR) associated with long-term air pollution exposure. Effect modification of the associations between exposure and the mortality outcomes by aMED was examined via interaction terms.

RESULTS - For PM_2.5, we observed elevated and significant associations with CVD (HR=1.13; 95% CI: 1.08-1.18), IHD (HR=1.16; 95% CI: 1.10-1.23), and CER (HR=1.15; 95% CI: 1.03-1.28). For NO₂, we found significant associations with CVD (HR=1.06; 95% CI: 1.04-1.08), and IHD (HR=1.08; 95% CI: 1.05-1.11). Analyses indicated that Mediterranean diet modified these relationships, as those with a higher aMED score had significantly lower rates of air pollution related mortality ( p _interaction<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS - Mediterranean diet reduced cardiovascular disease mortality risk related to longterm exposure to air pollutants in a large prospective U.S cohort. Increased consumption of foods rich in antioxidant compounds may aid in reducing the considerable disease burden associated with ambient air pollution.