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科学研究

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Lowering systolic blood pressure to less than 120 mm Hg versus less than 140 mm Hg in patients with high cardiovascular risk with and without diabetes or previous stroke: an open-label,blinded-outcome,randomised trial Disturbed shear stress promotes atherosclerosis through TRIM21-regulated MAPK6 degradation and consequent endothelial inflammation

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ASCVD - 支持他汀作为一级预防药物的研究进展

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2014年发表在JACC上的一篇综述从基因层面详尽的介绍了富含甘油三酯脂蛋白与ASCVD的因果关系“Genetics and Causality of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease”。"2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines"将他汀类药物作为1)低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平升高(low density lipoprotein cholesterol levelsLDL≥190 mg/dL)人群,2)年龄介于40 - 75岁之间的糖尿病患者,以及3)经医生患者双方讨论明确具足够ASCVD患病风险三类人群的一级预防中的一线药物。


他汀类药物对冠状动脉钙化患者长期心血管事件具有一级预防价值

冠状动脉钙化评分coronary artery calcium scores CAC scores)可在ASCVD十年风险预测工具的基础上进一步细化对动脉粥样硬化性心血管疾病ASCVD风险人群,增加预测的准确性


Impact of Statins on Cardiovascular Outcomes Following Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring”采用大型无ASCVD史的队列研究,量化他汀作为冠状动脉钙化患者长期心血管事件一级预防药物的价值。 美国沃尔特里德陆军医疗中心通过对2002-2009年期间13644名接受冠状动脉钙化评分的ASCVD史或无恶性肿瘤史的患者随访近10年MACE时间后明确, 他汀治疗可降低冠状动脉钙化患者MACE事件的发生(adjusted subhazard ratio: 0.76; 95% confidence interval: 0.60 ~ 0.95; p = 0.015),且其预防作用于冠状动脉钙化严重程度相关(p < 0.0001 for interaction),需治疗人数的估算根据冠状动脉钙化评分而定(CAC 1 ~ 100CAC >100)。 而对无冠状动脉钙化患者无心血管不良事件保护作用(adjusted subhazard ratio: 1.00; 95% confidence interval: 0.79 to 1.27; p = 0.99)


2019年6月,在线发表时间2018年11月,“Use of Risk Assessment Tools to Guide Decision-Making in the Primary Prevention of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease :A Special Report From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology”除了逐步分解介绍临床如何开展ASCVD以及预防风险评估外(图1-5),着重陈述了CAC评分可作为指导ASCVD十年风险预测不同风险人群是否建议使用他汀药物的依据(图6-8)。







Figure 1-5 Clinical Workflow for Implementing Risk Assessment in Adults for Primary Prevention of ASCVD




Figure 6  Levels of CAC Score Indicating 75th Percentile for Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity (Data From MESA; https://www.mesa-nhlbi.org/Calcium/input.aspx)




Figure 7 Overall Conceptual Approach to Risk Assessment and Decision-Making Regarding the Intensity of Prevention Efforts and Use of Drug Therapy in Primary Prevention of ASCVD



Figure 8 Algorithm of Clinical Approach to Incorporate CAC Measurement in Risk Assessment for Borderline- and Intermediate-Risk Patients


LDL-C的降幅与他汀药物的选择相关


甘油三酯水平升高与心血管患病风险相关联。欧洲动脉粥样硬化学会共识小组将轻度到中度高血脂症定义为TG水平177 ~ 885 mg/dl (2.0 ~ 10.0 mmol/L)

A VOYAGER Meta-Analysis of the Impact of Statin Therapy on Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels in Patients With Hypertriglyceridemia 15,800高甘油三酯血症(Hypertriglyceridemia)患者中比较瑞舒伐他汀 Rosuvastatin , 5 ~ 40 mg 阿托伐他汀(atorvastatin, 10 ~ 80 mg)和辛伐他汀simvastatin10 ~ 80 mg )对基线甘油三酯(triglyceride TG)水平≥177 mg/dl (≥2.0 mmol/L)低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol LDL-C)的疗效,荟萃分析结果提示LDL-C的降幅与他汀药物的选择相关

1. 三种他汀类药物平均TG降幅在15.1%-31.3%;

2. 瑞舒伐他汀10~40mg降低LDL-C的幅度较同等或双倍剂量的其他两种他汀显著,具体表现在:

1) 10mg瑞舒伐他汀的LDL-C降幅较10mg阿托伐他汀显著;

2) 20~40mg瑞舒伐他汀的LDL-C降幅较同等剂量的阿托伐他汀显著;

3) 10~40mg瑞舒伐他汀的LDL-C降幅较同等或双倍剂量的辛伐他汀显著;

3. 从数据上看,TG的降幅弱于LDL-C降幅,围绕TG指标的治疗或可进一步降低心血管风险。



2018年11月“Efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin vs. atorvastatin in lowering LDL cholesterol : A meta-analysis of trials with East Asian populations”对东亚人群的最新荟萃分析结果显示,瑞舒伐他汀降低LDL-C的幅度明显大于阿托伐他汀,与VOYAGER针对白人的荟萃分析结果一致。此外,两种药物的安全性非常相似,包括肌肉和肝脏的不良反应。


他汀类药物的安全性


而对于对他汀类药物存有不良药物反应疑虑的患者,AHA发布的他汀安全性声明最新科学声明“Statin Safety and Associated Adverse Events: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association” 指出他汀不良反应风险很低,他汀引起的肌肉损害和肝毒性最常见,但横纹肌溶解症的发生率不足千分之一,肝毒性风险约万分之一,他汀仅与0.2%的II型糖尿病发生风险相关, 其获益远大于风险。随意停他汀不可取,因为会显著增加心梗或中风危险,故他汀的服用及停用应严遵医嘱。