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2021 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure Impact of epicardial adipose tissue on cardiovascular haemodynamics, metabolic profile, and prognosis in heart failure Effect of SGLT2-Inhibitors on Epicardial Adipose Tissue: A Meta-Analysis
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Review ArticleVolume 73, Issue 17, May 2019

JOURNAL：J Am Coll Cardiol. Article Link

Exercise Intolerance in Patients With Heart Failure: JACC State-of-the-Art Review

M.G.D Buono, R Arena, BA Borlaug et al. Keywords: cardiorespiratory fitness; HFrEF; HFpEF; exercise capacity; comorbidities

ABSTRACT

Exercise intolerance is the cardinal symptom of heart failure (HF) and is of crucial relevance, because it is associated with a poor quality of life and increased mortality. While impaired cardiac reserve is considered to be central in HF, reduced exercise and functional capacity are the result of key patient characteristics and multisystem dysfunction, including aging, impaired pulmonary reserve, as well as peripheral and respiratory skeletal muscle dysfunction. We herein review the different modalities to quantify exercise intolerance, the pathophysiology of HF, and comorbid conditions as they lead to reductions in exercise and functional capacity, highlighting the fact that distinct causes may coexist and variably contribute to exercise intolerance in patients with HF.

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